“Such… techniques would remain at the heart of special effects production for the next century” (Rickitt 2000, 10). He placed a Mary dummy in the actor's place, restarted filming, and allowed the executioner to bring the axe down, severing the dummy's head. As the executioner brought the axe above his head, Clarke stopped the camera, had all of the actors freeze, and had the person playing Mary step off the set. While filming a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, Clarke instructed an actor to step up to the block in Mary's costume. In 1895, Alfred Clarke created what is commonly accepted as the first-ever special effect. Examples include the ejector seat of James Bond's Aston Martin, R2D2 in the Star Wars films, or the zero-gravity effects employed in 2001: A Space Odyssey. These include mechanized props, scenery, and pyrotechnics. The second type is mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects), which are accomplished during the live-action shooting. A good example of an optical effect would be a scene in Star Trek depicting the USS Enterprise flying through space. Optical effects can be produced with either photographic (that is, optical printer) or visual (that is, CGI) technology. The first type is optical effects (also called visual or photographic effects), which rely on manipulation of a photographed image. Special effects are traditionally divided into two types. Often several different techniques are used together in a single scene or shot to achieve the desired effect. Many different special effects techniques exist, ranging from traditional theater effects or elaborately staged as in the "machine plays" of the Restoration spectacular, through classic film techniques invented in the early twentieth century, such as aerial image photography and optical printers, to modern computer-generated imagery (CGI). This adds to the experience of movies with such things as explosions or any loud scenes. As it is now, people can buy a home theater that will literally shake their house using a sub-woofer. As people become more creative and wanting different experiences, multi-sensual items may become attainable in the average home. These rides include the use of moving chairs and added scents to enhance the experience. Already, there are attractions that use special effects in a simulator environment. Someday, special effects may go beyond visual. With the advent of computer graphics imaging, special effects are also used to enhance previously-filmed elements, by adding, removing or enhancing objects within the scene. They are also used when creating the effect by normal means is prohibitively expensive for example, it would be extremely expensive to construct a sixteenth-century castle or to sink a twentieth-century ocean liner, but these can be simulated with special effects. Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used by the film, television, and entertainment industries to realize scenes, such as space travel, that cannot be achieved by live action or normal means. Lasers were used in the 2005 Classical Spectacular concert.
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